Police and Society Exam 4 Practice

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• The media contributes to police problems by?
• Which governance mechanism relies on civilian participation to review complaints and ensure accountability within policing?
• Which statement about the role of a civilian review board is accurate?
• What is procedural justice, and how does it relate to police legitimacy?
• Most job opportunities available in law enforcement exist in city, county, and state agencies.
• What is the goal of Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) in policing mental health crises?
• Which office inside a police organization is primarily responsible for investigating alleged misconduct by officers?
• Which element is associated with transparency in procedural justice?
• The benefit of engaging in systematic rulemaking rather than administrative rulemaking is that it allows the police to anticipate problems before they become crises.
• The most serious form of corruption exists
• An example of a discretionary decision made by a detective is
• The least serious form of corruption exists when
• Which factor is identified as a benefit of civilian staffing for crime analysts?
• What function of crime analysis involves recognizing relationships between crime and other factors?
• Which protections embody equal protection and due process in policing?
• Which statement defines excessive force?
• A police department collects and codifies its rules and policies through a(n)
• Differentiate probable cause and reasonable suspicion and provide a policing scenario for each.
• A discretionary decision by a patrol officer could include
• Which statement is true about early intervention systems (EIS)?
• What are the two basic approaches to the control of corruption within an organization?
• The concept of a corrupt officer's 'moral career' was argued by which scholar?
• When comparing people with the police to the larger society, those who are victims of discrimination or who feel powerless are likely to have what attitude toward the police?
• What is the difference between de-escalation and escalation in policing, and why is de-escalation emphasized?
• How do police handle protests and public demonstrations while protecting rights?
• The approach of guiding police officers' discretion via written policy is known as
• The practice of stopping drivers solely on the basis of race rather than traffic violations is known as?
• The term _____ refers to criminal and noncriminal behavior committed during the course of normal work activities or under the guise of the police officer's authority.
• The debate over abolishing police discretion parallels debates over discretion in other parts of the criminal justice system, such as plea bargaining.
• An example of a discretionary decision made by a detective is
• Which option best describes how corruption intensity is defined in the study?
• Officers themselves argue that perhaps the best way to control police deviance is through
• Which amendment protects against self-incrimination?
• Discipline matrix: Which statement is true?
• What is the legal basis for the exclusionary rule, and what does it aim to prevent?
• Public attitudes toward the police, as reflected in surveys, tend to rank the police as which among American institutions?
• In policing, which group is typically described as exercising the most discretion at the street level?
• Which statement about hot spots and directed patrol is most accurate?
• With respect to the exercise of discretion, patrol officers are also known as
• Outcomes that vary but are not necessarily caused by different treatment are called?
• _____ rests on the assumption that, because of the police subculture, police officers cannot objectively investigate complaints against fellow officers.
• Which statement best describes cognitive interviewing as a memory technique?
• Discretion increases as one moves down the police organization. For this reason, patrol officers have been described as
• Arresting people who have not violated the law or to harass them is an example of
• Which practices are essential when responding to domestic violence calls to protect victims?
• Which is a core component of a police use-of-force policy?
• Which trust dimension concerns how officers treat people with dignity and courtesy?
• Which trust dimension concerns whether police actions align with community priorities and values?
• How does evidence handling and chain of custody impact the admissibility of digital evidence?
• Corruption reaches a higher degree of intensity when
• In police departments, which factor is most directly affected by the span of control?
• Which statement best represents the apparent contradiction in police-community relations in America?
• _____ is one of the greatest barriers to police accountability.
• Which principle is central to reducing the likelihood of violence in police encounters?
• What are common ethical challenges in policing, and what is the purpose of the Code of Ethics?
• Which statement best describes the scope of job opportunities in law enforcement according to the material?
• The most important organizational variable in reducing corruption is
• The ratio of sergeants to officers is referred to as
• Crime analyst positions are usually staffed by civilians rather than sworn officers because civilians are less costly to employ.
• Which term describes the obligation of police to answer to the public for both actions and methods?
• The National Crime Victimization System is an established and reliable measure of criminal activity, including offenses not reported to the police.
• The two key elements of police corruption are
• Which court is most important with respect to police accountability?
• Which description best captures the relationship between corruption's seriousness and departmental structure?
• According to the Knapp Commission, the grass eater is an officer who
• Which commission identified the grass eater concept?
• In Mapp v. Ohio, the Court ruled that the evidence against Mapp had been obtained illegally, violating her _____ right to protection against 'unreasonable searches and seizures'.
• The type of analysis that focuses on long-term crime trends is called which of the following?
• What are the two most important programs police departments have adopted to improve police-community relations?
• Which of the following is NOT typically listed as a core value in police ethics?
• What is search incident to arrest, and what are its limits?
• An example of a discretionary decision made by a patrol officer is
• What is permissible in use of deadly force per Tennessee v. Garner and Graham v. Connor?
• How do Miranda rights operate in custodial interrogations, and what is a public-safety exception?
• Which of the following is true about the effect official department policies have on police discretion?
• What is the key distinction between Internal Affairs and civilian oversight?
• What is a potential downside of using GIS and crime mapping in policing?
• In Ryan's account, which concept was most likely denied by the officer?
• Crime analysis involving the identification of specific crime problems in particular geographic areas is called?
• Which group is primarily responsible for crime analysis work in many agencies?
• In explaining corruption, police officials prefer the rotten apple theory because
• Which amendments are most frequently invoked in police-citizen encounters, and what do they protect?
• What is the importance of memory and interviewing techniques in investigations?
• Which statement best describes the Code of Ethics in policing?
• _____ are the key link in translating department policies into action on the street.
• Which statement best describes the rotten apple theory?
• Early intervention systems identify those officers with higher-than-peer patterns in what areas?
• What is officer discretion and what factors influence it?
• In the context of policing, a problem with body-worn cameras is that they increase the amount of time officers spend on paperwork.
• Legitimacy in policing is described as being freely given by whom?
• According to Herbert Packer, the ______ envisions strict rules of procedures to govern criminal justice officials for the purpose of protecting the rights of citizens.
• Discretion increases as one moves down the organization. Which factor contributes to this trend?
• Which statement best describes restorative justice in policing?
• The level of corruption is heavily influenced by the
• _____ identify those officers whose patterns of uses of force, citizen complaints, or other problematic conduct are higher than peer officers.
• Which term describes patrol officers as they apply policy on the street?
• Which statement correctly differentiates criminal liability from civil liability for police actions?
• Which element is explicitly included in many use-of-force policies?
• Successful control of corruption begins with
• Which statement best describes bias training in policing?
• Which finding from Mastrofski's study best describes citizen compliance?
• What is the role of research methods in policing evaluation?
• The rule that states 'all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by that same authority, inadmissible in a state court' is called
• How do police recruit and train to handle diverse communities, including bias training?
• An example of a discretionary decision made by a police manager is
• What are common concerns with crime analysis and data-driven policing?
• What describes civil asset forfeiture?
• What is the function of a civilian review board?
• What does the SARA model stand for in problem-oriented policing?
• Deterrence theory and routine activities theory differ in what central focus?
• The police are expected to answer to the people for what they do and how they do it. This is called?
• The greatest racial disparities in arrest involve which offenses?
• Which policing approach emphasizes collaboration with the community to identify and solve problems and improve legitimacy?
• According to Lawrence Sherman, a corrupt police officer is in the first stage of his or her moral career when he or she
• Under the public-safety exception, when may interrogation proceed without Miranda warnings?
• Which statement best describes the purpose of civilian oversight?
• Civilian review boards differ from police auditors in that they focus on what?
• In the discrimination-disparity continuum, disparities that arise from racially neutral factors such as prior criminal records are called what?
• Department policy has a powerful influence on discretion.
• What is restorative justice in the context of policing?
• Which statement best describes the relationship between race/ethnicity and age in shaping public attitudes toward the police?
• The factors the police consider when deciding to arrest, including the seriousness of the offense, the strength of the evidence, and the demeanor of the suspect, are known as?
• The probability of arrest and officer use of force increases when a suspect is
• What is the role of immigration status in police-citizen encounters in the U.S.?
• The First Amendment protects which rights during protests?
• Which amendment protects against cruel and unusual punishment?
• Which of the following is not one of the four components of procedural justice?
• Racial profiling is defined as stopping drivers solely on the basis of race, not because of any traffic violation or suspected crime.
• Under Section 1983, civil liability enables individuals to sue police for constitutional rights violations while acting under color of law. Which statement best describes this liability?
• Which term describes the method of guiding discretion through written rules?
• What is a solution to sustaining police reforms?
• In terms of education, most federal agencies require that an applicant have an undergraduate degree.
• The purpose of controlling police discretion is to
• Which of the following statements is true about police auditors?
• _____ permits analysts to identify spatial patterns and hot spots for different types of crimes.
• Administrative rulemaking involves departments developing clear written policies governing different aspects of police work such as
• Why is privacy a concern with body-worn cameras and public surveillance?
• Criminal behavior committed during the course of normal work activities or under the guise of the police officer's authority is called what?
• Which statement best captures the idea that legitimacy is a social construct granted by the people?
• _____ play a preventive role in risk management: to review police policies and activities for possible problems in order to prevent police actions that might violate the law, harm citizens, or produce a lawsuit
• Citizen oversight was designed to
• What term describes the memory bias where officers remember unpleasant or traumatic incidents more readily than routine ones?
• Differential treatment based on extralegal categories such as race, ethnicity, or gender is known as what?
• The three functions of crime analysis are to assess, identify correlations, and identify conditions.
• What are the four components of procedural justice as identified in policing research?
• Which statement best describes the difference between community policing and traditional policing?
• According to Sherman, the final stages of corruption involve
• Police discretion is heavily influenced by
• At the outset of their careers, most corrupt police officers are
• What is the role of the patrol supervisor in maintaining accountability and safety?
• Which constitutional right is primarily involved when people peacefully gather to protest?
• How do officers manage stress and maintain wellness, and what resources exist?
• Which statement about community policing and citizens’ attitudes is supported?
• What is the primary purpose of the SARA model in policing?
• Directed patrol relies on which principle?
• What are common topics in police ethics and professional standards?
• Which group within a police department is tasked with monitoring and evaluating the department's compliance with laws and policies?
• One of the most influential changes taking place in policing today is related to information technology.
• Besides privacy, what other concerns are associated with body-worn cameras?
• In New York City, the term 'the pad' was used to describe
• The office within a police organization responsible for investigating alleged misconduct by police officers is known as the
• Which statement about civilian oversight is true?
• In policing demonstrations, which practice best aligns with protecting First Amendment rights while maintaining safety?
• Explain the concept of legitimacy in policing and how it relates to compliance with the law.
• What did Terry v. Ohio establish about stop-and-frisk?
• Which trust dimension concerns the police's knowledge and skill in performing duties?
• The Knapp Commission concluded that, in many ways, the rotten-apple doctrine has
• What practice helps build trust and legitimacy in policing?
• Which trust dimension concerns the reliability and consistency of police behavior over time?
• What are the differences between urban and rural policing challenges?
• The use of excessive force by police officers is also called what?
• The term 'the pad' is associated with corruption in which city?
• Which statement best describes the benefits of task forces and interagency collaboration in policing?
• In the context of policing, _____ exercise the greatest amount of discretion.
• Which factor ranks second to race and ethnicity in public attitudes toward the police?
• What is CPTED and how can the built environment influence crime?
• Which pair is identified as the two key elements of police corruption?
• Which behavior signals the first stage of a corrupt officer's moral career?
• Differentiate the Graham v. Connor standard and the use-of-force continuum.
• The work environment of policing heavily influences police discretion.
• Beyond race relations, police experts have argued that a deeper problem for policing lies in what concept?
• What is the key difference between deterrence theory and routine activities theory in crime prevention?
• In the discrimination-disparity continuum, disparities caused by neutral factors like prior records and demeanor are best described as?
• Which statement is true about a discipline matrix?
• How does technology influence policing, including GIS and crime mapping?
• Why is data-driven policing sometimes criticized for bias?
• Which of the following best describes the most comprehensive stage of police corruption?
• Some of the most overlooked careers in policing are jobs described as belonging to civilians.
• Which of the following is NOT one of the three functions of crime analysis?
• Civil liability under Section 1983 enables individuals to sue police for constitutional rights violations while acting under color of law. Which statement best describes this liability?
• Stephen Mastrofski and colleagues investigated the extent to which citizens comply with requests from police officers. Which finding is reported?
• What is the primary purpose of body-worn cameras in policing?
• The unwillingness to report misconduct is called?
• A police officer is most likely to make an arrest when
• What is the significance of Zero Tolerance policing and its criticisms?
• What term describes the informal norm in which officers protect colleagues by not reporting misconduct?
• In Westley's pioneering work on the police subculture, what did about 73 percent of officers believe about the public?
• How does bias and racial profiling affect policing, and what measures help reduce it?
• The four dimensions of trust are priorities, competence, dependability, and respect. Which option lists these as the correct set in the exact order presented here?
• Which position is described as the essential conduit between policy and street-level practice?
• The most common form of police corruption involves
• What is the primary purpose of standard operating procedures in a police department?
• What is police corruption and which forms are typically observed?
• What memory bias can distort reporting by overemphasizing traumatic incidents and underreporting routine events, potentially affecting accountability?
• Which statement best distinguishes a warrant from a subpoena?
• Which option reflects the recommended method to control police deviance as noted?